kidneystonemelbourne.com.au

By Oba Mike

Instruction: Practice without the answers first

1. What is the functional difference between the ureter and urethra?

a.     The ureter comes before the urethra

b.    The urethra is longer than the ureter

c.     The ureter drains the kidney while the urethra drains the bladder

d.    The ureter is paired while the urethra is single.

2. In terms of location, the kidneys are:

a.     Retroperitoneal

b.    Bean shaped

c.     Pyramidal

d.    Abdomino-pelvic

3. The kidneys are paired structures situated in:

a.     Posterior abdominal wall

b.    Anterior abdominal wall

c.     Abdominal cavity

d.    Pelvic cavity

4. Which of these statements is incorrect?

a.     An increase in blood volume decreases blood pressure

b.    An increase in blood volume inhibits renin secretion

c.     Macula densa cells form part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

d.    The parenchyma is formed by the renal cortex and pyramid

5. Renal blood flow (RBF) equals:

a.     5% of cardiac output

b.    25% of cardiac output

c.     20% of glomerular filtrate

d.    99% of glomerular filtrate

6. Where are podocytes found?

a.     Parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule

b.    Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

c.     Proximal convoluted tubule

d.    Distal convoluted tubule

7. A substance that is 100% reabsorbed is:

a.     Glucose

b.    Sodium

c.     Sugar

d.    Urea

 

8. The major difference between reabsorption and secretion as regard the kidneys is:

a.     Reabsorption occurs before secretion

b.    Secretion occurs before reabsorption

c.     Reabsorption adds substances to the tubules while secretion removes

d.    Reabsorption decreases the concentration of the tubules while secretion increase it.

9. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the amount of filtrate formed in all the glomeruli of both kidneys every minute. It is equal to:

a.     25 ml/min

b.    100 ml/min

c.     125 ml/min

d.    125 L/min

10. The mucosa of the ureter contains:

a.     Transitional epithelium

b.    Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

c.     Simple squamous epithelium

d.    simple cuboidal epithelium

11. The male urethra is urogenital because:

a.     It is located within the penis

b.    It conveys urine and semen

c.     It is very long

d.    It is part of male external genitals

12. Which of these muscles contract during the micturition reflex?

a.     Detrusor

b.    Internal ureteral sphincter

c.     Internal urethral sphincter

d.    External urethral sphincter

13. The micturition centre is located in:

a.     Thoracic spinal segment

b.    Lumbar spinal segment

c.     Sacral spinal segment

d.    Coccygeal spinal segment

14. The actual site for filtration in the kidney is:

a.     Nephron

b.    Malpighian tubule

c.     Renal tubule

d.    Collecting tubule

 

15.  The glomerulus receives blood from:

a.     Peritubular capillaries

b.    Afferent arteriole

c.     Efferent arteriole

d.    Renal artery

16. The macula densa cells are located at:

a.     Bowman’s capsule

b.    Distal convoluted tubule

c.     Junction between the ascending limb and the afferent arteriole

d.    Between afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole

17. Which is true about the collecting ducts?

a.     It is part of the nephron

b.    It receives filtrate from more than one nephron

c.     It does not allow reabsorption

d.    It contains urine

18. The major function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is:

a.     Structural support to the nephron

b.    Facilitate blood flow through the nephron

c.     Maintains glomerular filtration rate

d.    Regulate blood pressure

19. The dense capillary network surrounding the renal tubule is:

a.     Vasa recta

b.    Macula densa

c.     Malpighian corpuscle

d.    Podocytes

20. Angiotensinogen is converted to Angiotensin I by an enzyme called:

a.     Angiotensin Converting enzyme

b.    Aldosterone

c.     Renin

d.    Atrial natriuretic peptide

21. Which of these structures is not involved in urine transportation and storage?

a.     Bladder

b.    Collecting duct

c.     Urethra

d.    Ureter

 

22. One of these muscles is under voluntary control:

a.     Detrusor

b.    Internal ureteral sphincter

c.     Internal urethral sphincter

d.    External urethral sphincter

23. The urinary system terminates at:

a.     Renal pelvis

b.    Ureter

c.     Bladder

d.    Urethra

24. Urination usually precedes defecation because:

a.     The external urethral sphincter is weaker than the external anal sphincter

b.    Human produce more urine than faeces

c.     Urine is liquid while faeces is semisolid

d.    The bladder that stores urine is nearer to the exterior than the rectum that stores faeces.

25. When the bladder is empty, the inner lining is arranged in folds called:

a.     Rugae

b.    Raphe

c.     Trigone

d.    Triad

26. The functional area of the kidney is called:

a.     Nephron

b.    Glomerulus

c.     Parenchyma

d.    Pyramid

27. The spaces between the renal pelvis are called:

a.     Rows

b.    Columns

c.     Cavities

d.    Lobe

 

28. The average number of nephrons in each kidney is:

a.     1 – 2 million

b.    1 – 2 billion

c.     3- 5 million

d.    3 –5 billion

29.  Which of these is not part of the renal tubule?

a.     Collecting duct

b.    Loop of Henle

c.     Distal convoluted tubule

d.    Simple cuboidal epithelium

30. The urinary space is found in:

a.     Renal corpuscle

b.    Renal tubule

c.     Collecting duct

d.    Calyces

31. The extent of the kidney is:

a.     L1 – L5

b.    T5 – T6

c.     T12 – L3

d.    T10 – L1

32. Which is of these is true?

a.     The right kidney is lower than the left

b.    The Stomach is related to the right kidney

c.     The left kidney extends beyond L3

d.    The left kidney is less effective compared with the right

33. A superior relation of both kidneys is:

a.     Spleen

b.    Stomach

c.     Liver

d.    Adrenal gland

34. Which is not a function of the kidney?

a.     Regulation of blood volume

b.    Regulation of blood composition

c.     Maintenance of homeostasis

d.    Distribution of blood cells

35. Structures enter and exit the kidney through the:

a.     Renal hilum

b.    Renal pelvis

c.     Renal cortex

d.    Renal medulla

 

36. Component of the renal parenchyma include:

a.     Pyramid, cortex and medulla

b.    Pyramid, cortex and capsule

c.     Pyramid and cortex

d.    Pyramid and medulla

37. The kidney is protected from trauma by:

a.     Renal capsule

b.    Renal cortex

c.     Renal medulla

d.    Renal pyramid

38. Blood vessels in the kidney are mostly found in:

a.     Renal capsule

b.    Renal cortex

c.     Renal medulla

d.    Renal pyramid

39. Production of hormones like erythropoietin occurs in:

a.     Renal capsule

b.    Renal cortex

c.     Renal medulla

d.    Renal pyramid

40. Blood supply to the kidney is majorly by:

a.     Renal artery

b.    Renal vein

c.     Afferent arteriole

d.    Efferent arteriole

41. The pointed apex of the renal pyramid is called:

a.     Renal parenchyma

b.    Renal column

c.     Papillary duct

d.    Renal papilla

42. What is the difference between glomerular filtrate and urine?

a.     The filtrate is formed in the glomerulus while urine is formed in the calyces

b.    Urine will be 100% excreted but not all contents of the filtrate will be excreted.

c.     The filtrate contain blood cells while urine does not

d.    Urine contains more water than the filtrate.

 

43. Filtrate gets to the calyces via

a.     Papillary duct

b.    Renal papilla

c.     Collecting duct

d.    Renal pyramid

44. The proximal and medial continuation of the ureter is:

a.     Urinary bladder

b.    Renal pelvis

c.     Urethra

d.    Nephron

45. Trapped residues in the glomerulus are discarded by:

a.     Mesangial cells

b.    Podocytes

c.     Macula densa

d.    Vasa recta

46. Glomerular filtrate is:

a.     20% of renal blood flow

b.    20% of cardiac output

c.     25% of cardiac output

d.    25% of renal blood flow

47. The epithelium in the glomerulus is:

a.     Simple squamous

b.    Simple cuboidal

c.     Simple columnar

d.    Stratified squamous

48. The renal tubule has the following parts except:

a.     Proximal convoluted tubule

b.    Loop of Henle

c.     Distal convoluted tubule

d.    Collecting duct

49. The renal tubule contains the following epithelial cells except:

a.     Simple squamous

b.    Simple cuboidal

c.     Simple columnar

d.    Stratified squamous

 

50. The peritubular capillaries originate from:

a.     Afferent arterioles

b.    Efferent arterioles

c.     Vasa recta

d.    Segmental arteries

51. The renal artery is a branch from:

a.     Segmental artery

b.    Interlobar artery

c.     aorta

d.    Afferent arteriole

52. Glomerular filtration occurs when:

a.     Blood enters the glomerulus

b.    Blood leaves the glomerulus

c.     Substances move through the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule

d.    Substances penetrate the peritubular capillaries

53. The movement of substances from the blood into the renal tubule is termed:

a.     Glomerular filtration

b.    Tubular reabsorption

c.     Tubular secretion

d.    Renal blood flow

54. An example of a non – filterable substance is:

a.     Water

b.    Glucose

c.     Red blood cell

d.    Urea

55. The filterable components usually enter the:

a.     Bowman’s capsule

b.    Afferent arteriole

c.     Efferent arteriole

d.    Peritubular capillaries

56. The average volume of glomerular filtrate that becomes urine is:

a.     2%

b.    10%

c.     20%

d.    80%

 

57. Daily volume of glomerular filtrate is:

a.     1 – 2 litres

b.    10 litres

c.     50 litres

d.    180 litres

58. What will be the effect of high glomerular filtration rate?

a.     More useful substances will be excreted in urine

b.    There will be less excretion of waste products

c.     There will be more reabsorption

d.    There will be more secretion

59. Which of these statements is false?

a.     Reabsorption occurs more in the proximal convoluted tubules

b.    The entire renal tubules and collecting ducts carry out reabsorption

c.     Secretion occurs only at the distal parts of the tubules

d.    Papillary ducts also carry out reabsorption and secretion

60. A major component of urine apart from water is:

a.     Creatinine

b.    Ammonia

c.     Uric acid

d.    Urea

61. Which of these equations summarize urine formation?

a.     Urine = glomerular filtration + reabsorption – secretion

b.    Urine = glomerular filtration + secretion – reabsorption

c.     Urine = glomerular filtration + reabsorption + secretion

d.    Urine = glomerular filtration – reabsorption – secretion

62. A temporary reservoir of urine is:

a.     Renal sinus

b.    Ureter

c.     Urinary bladder

d.    Urethra

63. Which of these forces do not contribute to the movement of urine in the ureters?

a.     Gravity

b.    Peristalsis

c.     Hydrostatic pressure

d.    Friction

 

64. The average length of each ureter is:

a.     4 – 5 cm

b.    10 – 15 cm

c.     15 – 20 cm

d.    25 – 30 cm

65. The ureter enters obliquely into the ­____________ wall of the urinary bladder

a.     Anterior

b.    Posterior

c.     Medial

d.    Lateral

66. The lumen of the ureter is:

a.     Star-shaped

b.    H-shaped

c.     Rounded

d.    Oblique

67. The mucosa of the ureter is lined by:

a.     Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

b.    Transitional epithelium

c.     Stratified epithelium

d.    Squamous epithelium

68. Which layer of the ureter contains neurovascular bundles?

a.     Mucosa

b.    Submucosa

c.     Muscularis

d.    Adventitia

69. In females, the urinary bladder is:

a.      Anterior to the vagina

b.    Superior to the rectum

c.     Posterior to the anus

d.    Inferior to the vertebral columna

70. The lower anterior opening in the urinary bladder leads to the:

a.     Ureters

b.    Urethra

c.     Rectum

d.    Anus

 

71. The muscularis of the urinary bladder is formed by a smooth muscle called:

a.     Internal urethral sphincter

b.    External urethral sphincter

c.     Detrusor

d.    Rugae

72. The average capacity of the bladder is:

a.     100 – 200 ml

b.    200 – 400 ml

c.     700 – 800 ml

d.    1000 – 5000 ml

73. When those the bladder extends into the abdominal cavity?

a.     When it is full

b.    When it is empty

c.     When you lie down

d.    While walking

74. The average length of the male urethra is:

a.     4 cm

b.    10 cm

c.     20 cm

d.    50 cm

75. The micturition reflex causes the relaxation of:

a.     Internal urethral sphincter

b.    External urethral sphincter

c.     Internal ureteral sphincter

d.    Detrusor

76.  Prior to the micturition reflex, the detrusor is:

a.     Contracted

b.    Relaxed

c.     Open

d.    Closed

77. Each kidney weighs about:

a.     200 g

b.    150 g

c.     100 g

d.    50 g

 

78. Where are principal cells found?

a.     Proximal convoluted tubule

b.    Distal convoluted tubule

c.     Loop of Henle

d.    Glomerulus

79. Which of these is not part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

a.     Smooth muscles of the afferent arterioles

b.    Macula densa cells

c.     Juxtaglomerular cells

d.    Intercalated cells

80. Which is true about penicillin?

a.     It is highly filtered

b.    It is highly reabsorbed

c.     It is highly secreted

d.    It forms the colour of urine

Use the diagram below to answer questions 81 – 90

anatomycorner.com

81. The parts labelled E are:

a.     Renal pelvis

b.    Renal parenchyma

c.     Renal columns

d.    Renal papilla

82. H represents:

a.     Minor calyx

b.    Major calyx

c.     Pelvis

d.    Ureter

83. Filtrate becomes urine in:

a.     A

b.    E

c.     F

d.    G

84. C drains blood to:

a.     Right atrium

b.    Aorta

c.     Superior vena cava

d.    Inferior vena cava

85. The ureter is labelled:

a.     F

b.    G

c.     H

d.    D

86. Synthesis of hormones occur in:

a.     H

b.    I

c.     J

d.    K

87. Segmental arteries and veins give rise to:

a.     A

b.    B

c.     k

d.    J

88. The portion labelled I is:

a.     Renal capsule

b.    Renal cortex

c.     Renal medulla

d.    Renal parenchyma

89. Which of these structures are not labelled?

a.     Renal cortex

b.    Renal vein

c.     Segmental arteries

d.    Interlobar arteries

90. The diagram is that of:

a.     Right kidney

b.    Left kidney

c.     All of the above

d.    Either of the above

91. The enzyme renin is secreted by:

a.     Juxtaglomerular cells

b.    Mesangial cells

c.     Podocytes

d.    Macula densa

92. The function of renin is:

a.     Formation of angiotensinogen

b.    Formation of angiotensin I

c.     Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

d.    Release of aldosterone

93. Decrease in glomerular filtration rate is caused by:

a.     Angiotensinogen

b.    Angiotensin I

c.     Angiotensin II

d.    Aldosterone

94. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole is due to the activity of:

a.     Angiotensinogen

b.    Angiotensin I

c.     Angiotensin II

d.    Aldosterone

95. The renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system helps the kidney to:

a.     Regulate blood pressure

b.    Regulate body temperature

c.     Excrete renin

d.    Synthesize hormones

96. Aldosterone is released by:

a.     Adrenal cortex

b.    Juxtaglomerular cells

c.     Afferent arteriole

d.    Efferent arteriole

97. The functions of diuretics is:

a.     Increase water reabsorption

b.    Decrease water reabsorption

c.     Increase blood volume

d.    Increase blood pressure

98. An artificial cleansing of the blood due to impaired kidneys is termed:

a.     Diuresis

b.    Dialysis

c.     Urinalysis

d.    Renal clearance

 

 

99. Which is not a component of the urinary system?

a.     Kidney

b.    Penis

c.     Urethra

d.    Bladder

100. A physician that specializes in the treatment of diseases of the urinary system is called:

a.     Gerontologist

b.    Obstetrician

c.     Gastroenterologist

d.    Urologist.

 

Answers

1. C

2. A

3. A

4. A     

5. B

6. B

7. A

8. D

9.  C

10. A

11. B

12. A

13. C

14. B

15. B

16. C

17. B

18. D

19. A

20. C

21. B

22. D

23. D

24. A

25. A

26. C

27. B

28. A

29. A

30. A

31. C

32. A

33. D

34. D

35. A

36. C

37. A

38. B

39. B

40. A

41. D

42. B

43. A

44. B

45. A

46. A

47. A

48. D

49. D

50. B

51. C

52. C

53. C

54. C

55. A

56. A

57. D

58. A

59. C

60. D

61. B

62. C

63. D

64. D

65. D

66. A

67. B

68. D

69. A

70. B.

71. C.

72. C

73. A

74. C

75. A

76. B

77. B

78. B

79. D

80. C

81. A

82. C

83. C

84. D

85. D

86. D

87. A

88. A

89. C

90. B

91. A

92. B

93. C

94. C

95. A

96. A

97. B

98. B

99. B

100. D